Série histórica da cobertura vacinal infantil no Estado da Paraíba, Brasil, entre 2008 e 2017

Abstract

Introduction: The National Immunization Program (PNI) works on the logic of collective vaccination of the population, together with other health surveillance actions, which has been responsible for the elimination and control of immunopreventable diseases, standing out as one of the safest, most economical and effective public health interventions to prevent deaths and improve the quality of life of the population. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the historical series of vaccination coverage in children under one year of age in macro-regions of the state of Paraíba between 2008 and 2017. Method: This is an ecological study, of time series, using secondary data of applied doses from the Information System of the National Immunization Program - SI-PNI, through the database of the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), of the vaccines recommended in children under 01 year of age by the national vaccination calendar of the PNI, referring to the period from 2008 to 2017. The study was conducted in the state of Paraíba, located in the Northeast Region, and the research study units are health macro-regions, which are subdivided in the state into 3 health macro-regions. The comparison between health macro-regions for each type of vaccine was performed using the analysis of variance test. For the identification and analysis of the estimated vaccine coverage for the period 2020-2025 the Simple Linear Regression statistical tests were used, considering a 5% significance level. Results: The data point to fluctuating vaccination coverage rates during the years, between high levels, which sometimes exceed the vaccination coverage target, but which decrease very markedly in some periods, in certain health macro-regions and in the state of Paraíba, which already reveals to us the significant discrepancies between territories, populations, available social equipment and management forms that influence the behavior of the results found. The vaccine with the highest mean coverage per health macro-region and in the State of Paraíba is BCG (108.08 ± 7.41 - PB), followed by polio vaccine (99.02 ± 7.68 - PB), while the vaccine with the lowest coverage per health macro-region and in the State of Paraíba is the Rotavirus vaccine (86.42 ± 3.89 - PB). Vaccines against Hepatitis B (95.74 ± 6.94 - PB), against Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis (95.97 ± 7.83 - PB) and against Poliomyelitis (99.02 ± 7.68 - PB) maintained high coverage averages, above the target, both per health macro-region and in the State of Paraíba. Pneumococcal vaccine presented coverage rates both per health macro-region and in the state of Paraíba below the target, except in macro-region 3 (96.36 ± 6.09) and vaccine against Meningococcus C presented low coverage rates in health macro-regions 1 (86.63 ± 6.64) and in Paraíba (89.84 ± 3.53). Final Considerations: Vaccination is one of the most important public health measures in the field of prevention and combating the control and eradication of diseases, and the PNI has historically shown protagonism in the field of public health. Nevertheless, this study provides subsidies to face difficulties in reaching the goal of vaccination coverage and its homogeneity, reducing health inequalities by pointing out regions of greater vulnerability.