Conflito Israel X Palestina : autodeterminação dos seus povos

Abstract

This dissertation aims to explore, through the qualitative method, the importance of the main guarantees of Human Rights in relation to the topic under study. In order to address these rights, it is of utmost urgency to understand, in a technical way—and not in a binary or Manichean perspective—the standpoint of the two peoples involved. The war between Palestine and Israel began because both peoples claimed ownership of the “holy land,” as well as due to various religious, political, historical, and economic issues, and the loss of territory by the Palestinian people, which forced them to live under minimal conditions. This resulted in migrations, a complex geopolitics, and bilateral international diplomacies, culminating in an endless war, while the Jewish people have always been in search of reclaiming a homeland. In this sense, the dissertation seeks to present the narratives of both peoples, spanning historical moments from the dispersion of the Jewish people in 70 A.D. up to 2023, when an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council was convened to discuss the situation, proposing the creation of humanitarian corridors and the protection of civilians, and reaching recent periods such as the displacement and abandonment of the Gaza Strip. Senator Humberto Costa (2023) highlighted: in attempting to understand the perspectives on cultural human rights, he raised debates concerning globalization, miscegenation, multiculturalism, and cultural, ethnic, and religious coexistence. The dissertation also seeks to address the Zionist movement, founded upon the principle of the self-determination of peoples, which is related to the Jewish diaspora and its origins. Based on this, it further aims to examine the right to nationality—one of the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—as well as to clarify the obligation of the State of Israel to comply with the principles of state equality and to resolve conflicts peacefully, as established by the United Nations. This also leads to a reflection on Brazilian diplomacy regarding the aforementioned conflict. Therefore, this study will reflect on the origins of the conflict that continues to this day and will center the research on the genesis of this dispute between the Jewish people and the Arabs residing in the Palestinian land.